Paper/Publication: Mapping, Tenure Right and REDD+ In Indonesia

Summary

Understanding the linkages between forests, peoples and climate changes are important in tropical country to appropriately reduce the impact of deforestation and degradation and enhancing the benefit to forests owner. The appropriate approaches is also needs to reduce the conflict among parties. 

Papua as a part of the last remaining tropical forests in the world plays important position for future emission reduction of GHG. With large and virgin forests cover the island could store a millions of ton carbon. But ironically the large forests with high natural resources treasure not necessary align with the wealth development of Indigenous Papuan. Natural resources conflict are remain high. This is often appear as implication of the weak of local right recognition, lack of community participation and empty space of regulations to cover it. So it is acknowledge that avoiding the increasing of deforestation and degradation in Papua are about how you could helps community to find their right be recognize and get legal chance the manage their resources. 

REDD+ as a new scheme to mitigate the impact of climate changes must also consider the rights issues. But the question then how to know who own the right over the forests? What tools we can uses to understand the linkage community livelihood with a forests? How should REDD working on the place where customary right claim are strong? This will trying to elaborate above questions. This was developed based on 3 years mapping experiences that Samdhana Institute and partners in Papua had. The paper in brief will provide a description about rights and how customary boundary mapping could become an suitable tools for Papua to address the right of land and resources issues. 

Tittle: Mapping, Tenure Right and REDD+ in Indonesia 

Author: Yunus Yumte, Peter Wood and Ita Natalia

Paper: 2012  

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Kajian: Kebijakan Invetasi Berperspektif Gender di Papua

Memastikan bahwa investasi atau perkembangan pembangunan saat memberikan manfaat menyeluruh kepada semua pihak maka perlakukan-perlakukan menyeluruh dan tertata pada aspek sosial yang mempengaruhi pembangunan dan dampak dari Investasi menjadi penting untuk dilakukan. Papua dengan kekayaan sumber daya alam-nya yang melimpah terus menjadi perhatian para kapitalis dan penguasa untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi dari sektor pengelolaan SDA. Investasi besar seperti IUPHHK-HA, Konsesi Tambang dan Migas serta kelapa sawit adalah beberapa daftar teratas yang saat ini terus meningkat usulannya di meja pemerintah. Namun dengan fakta-fakta sosial yang sudah banyak diungkap dalam banyak kajian bahwa investasi di Papua selalu berkorelasi positif dengan peningkatan masalah sosial, maka tantangan baru muncul; bagaimana seharusnya kebijakan-kebijakan dikembangkan untuk meminimalisir dampak-dampak negatif yang mungkin akan terjadi dan meluas dikemudian hari?

Gender atau dalam kajian ini ditekankan pada aspek kesetaraan dan keadilan pemanfaatan manfaat antara semua laki-laki dan perempuan merupakan salah satu bagian penting yang harus dikaji, dirumuskan dan dikembangkan instrument khusus untuk memonitor dan mengukur dampak rill maanfaat sebuah Investasi. Perempuan yang selalu dikemas dalam perspektif gender sebagai object kajian, perlu mendapatkan perhatian dalam kebijakan investasi di Papua baik pada posisi sebagai karyawan ataupun posisinya sebagai orang terdampak karena suaminya yang bekerja pada investasi/pembangunan tersebut.

Tulisan berikut secara padat mencoba mengemas cerita, analisis dan rekomendasi kebijakan tentang pembangunan investasi yang perlu memainstreaming gender di Papua. Mengambil studi kasus di 2 perusahaan besar di Manokwari dan Wondama, penulis mencoba mengelaborasi dasar-dasar pikiran tentang fakta-fakta ketidakadilan gender serta bagaimana langkah yang harus diambil pemerintah untuk menjaga agar ketimpangna sosial antara beban dan tanggung jawab pekerjaan serta kesejahteraan keluarga tetap terjadi..

Tittle : Implementasi Kebijakan Responsif Gender di Lingkungan Perusahaan Meminimalkan dan Memarjinalisasikan Kaum Perempuan Papua

Author : Afia. E.P Tahoba
Year     : 2013

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Menikmati Indah-nya Senja di Kaimana

Kan ku ingat selalu kan ku kunang selalu 

Senja indah, senja di Kaimana ................. 

Itulah lirik awal lagu Senja di Kaimana ciptaan Alfian artis lawas tahun 1970an. Lagu yang dibuat untuk menggambarkan bagaimana keindahan senja di Kaimana, senja emas dibalut birunya awan semilir hembusan angin dan udara segarnya hutan yang masih tumbuh hijau mengelilingi kota kaimana. Lirik lagu bersama dengan julukan nama 'kota senja' pastinya tidak begitu saja datang. Nama dan lagu ini muncul sebagai gambaran indahnya senja di Kaimana yang hampir setiap sore disaat cuaca cerah bisa kita nikmati. 

Sore ini kami bersiap-siap mencari spot/titik shoot kamera yang baik. Beberapa titik yang direkomendasikan orang-orang pun dijajaki seperti dari pelabuhan Kaimana, dari pertama dan dari bukit Kampung Key. Beberapa hari sebelumnya bahkah mencari lokasi titik shoot di dekat bandara yang jaraknya hampir 35 dengan mobil dari tempat kami menginap; untuk ukuran orang Kaimana ini sudah termasuk jauh jaraknya. Photo yang selalu ingin diabadikan adalah bagaimana matahari menghilang di tanjung kaimana, tanjung simora dan laut arafuru menuju kepulauan kei. Kamipun cukup beruntung sore ini dengan lukisan indah menawan di langit kaimana, potret senja orange berbalut emas dalam awan biru memberikan warna sore ini dan terus memaksa kami untuk memenuhi memori kamera ini dengan tampilan bumi yang indah dan sudah pasti tidak selalu kami saksikan. Sebagai orang non berdomisili di Kaimana dan hanya beberapa kali datang untuk tujuan program, memiliki dan mengabadikan momen bersama dengan latar belakang senja yang indah sudah pasti sebuah kebanggaan tersendiri sekalipun ikatan cerita baru pengalaman bagaimana menikmati satu panorama bumi di Indonesia yang sejak lama menjadi buah bibir. 

Seiring surya meredupkan sinar, Jika datang ke hati berdebar 

Kau usapkan tangan halur mulus, Diluka nan parah penuh debu....

Lanjutan lagu senja di Kaimana terus berlanjut melukiskan Indahnya senja ini. Sebagai salah satu kabupaten baru di Papua Barat dengan lokasinya di pinggir laut dan panorama alam dengan hasil laut yang melipah Kaimana sangat berpotensi untuk berkembang menjadi salah satu destinasi alam yang menjajikan di Papua. Menjual senja yang indah pada musim-musim tertentu dengan kombinasi sea-food culinary sudah pasti kombinasi yang sangat attraktif ditambah lagi dengan titik lokasi mangrove, sungai yang indah dan spot-spot bird watching yang jaraknya tidak jauh dari kota arah ke teluk Arguni. 

Senja yang kami tangkap sore ini sudah pasti sangatlah indah dan membayar rasa penasaran dan memori tentang Kaimana dan bagaimana lukisan senja yang disebutkan dalam lagu-nya alfian. Waktu yang menunjukan pukul 18.15 dan suasan yang mulai gelaps membuat kami harus kembali. Kami pun belajar bahwa periode jam 17.00 - 18.00 adalah timing yang tepat untuk menuju ke titik-ttik yang direkomendasikan untuk mengabadikan Indahnya senja di Kaimana yang menjadi obat alami untuk relaxasi. Namun tentunya mendapatkan gambar yang bagus selain dari pada posisi dan timing yang tepat harus didukung oleh kamera dengan spesifikai dan teknis pengambilan gambar yang baik. Begitulah pengalaman sore ini. 

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Catatatan Perjalanan ke Enarotali 23 - 25 Januari 2012

Sambil kembali melihat tulisan-tulisan yang pernah saya buat sebagai catatan perjalanan, saya menemukan kembali catatan ini dan menurut saya penting untuk di share dalam blog saya ini. Perjanalan ini merupakan bagian dari kerjasama antara Samdhana Institute dengan Papua Low Carbon Task Force untuk melihat kemungkinan intervensi untuk pekerjaan-pekerjaan green business di Papua. Perjalanan ini merupakan kunjungan pendahuluan yang dilakukan. Catatan laporan full dari perjanan ini juga sudah saya kembangkan dan tentu tersedia untuk di share apabila ada yang membutuhkan reportnya. Full report yang saya susun berjudul "Catatan Singkat Perjalanan di Enarotali Pengamatan Awal Wilayah Rencana Pengusulan Pengembangan Agrofestry dan Restorasi Lahan-Lahan Terdegradasi Sekitar Danau Paniai - 2012 "

Gambaran Umum Perjalanan

Melanjutkan komunikasi dengan Pak Pendeta Harold Gobay terakit rencana penghijauan dibeberapa areal disekitar Danau Paniai kunjungan awal untuk pengamatan, pengenalan lokasi sekaligus komunikasi awal dengan masyarakat. Pengamatan cepat dilakukan selama kurang lebih 2 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan diskusi bersama ketua-ketua adat dan tokoh-tokoh masyarakat dari wilayah-wilayah sekitar. Ide-ide dasar diawal mengawal kunjungan ini adalah:

-         Mendorong pemanfaatan lahan kosong dan lahan-lahan terdegradasi untuk dimanfaatkan kembali oleh masyarakat dengan menanam pohon dengan sistem tertentu yang mampu memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi penghidupan mereka.

-         Mempersiapkan sebuah usulan dukungan dari pihak diluar negeri untuk mendukung upaya penyelamatan bumi dan dampak perubahan iklim

-          Mengkomunikasikan ide pemetaan ruang adat sebagai bagian penting dalam pengamanan dan pengakuan wilayah adat masyarakat.

Catatan Hasil Kunjungan

1.       Kondisi Umum Hutan

Berada pada ketinggian lebih dari 1000 mdpl menjadikan wilayah Paniai memiliki vegetasi yang didominasi oleh hutan pegunungan. Beberapa jenis lokal mendominasi kawasan hutan disekitar danau Paniai ini. Selain jenis lokal, ada juga beberapa jenis pohon eksodus yang ditanam didaerah ini seperti pohon kasuari dan pinus. Kayu Kasuari (Casuarina Equisetifolia) sendiri menjadi salah satu sumber bahan bakar (kayu bakar) pilihan utama masyarakat didaerah sekitar pegunungan.

Kawasan Paniai dikelilingi oleh pegunungan-pegunungan dengan tingkat elevasi yang cukup curam dan umumnya hutan menyebar merata pada pegunungan-pegunungan ini. Sekalipun kondisi pegunungan yang cukup curam ini, namun sebagia wilayah dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk membuka dan mengelola lahan pertanian. Hasil pertanian yang cukup memberikan pengaruh pada pendapatan rumah tangga baik cash maupun non-cash adalah petatas dan beberapa jenis sayuran.

Hasil hutan lain yang kelihatan dijual ke pasar oleh masyarakat dan diperoleh dari hutan-hutan sekitar paniai adalah Rotan. Selain rotan, ada juga beberapa jenis buah lokal yang selama ini dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat dan sebagian diantaranya dijual kepasar. Untuk tanaman industri bernilai pasar potensi, kopi masih menjadi salah satu hasil potensial yang bisa dikembangkan. Beberapa masyarakat mengaku memiliki pohon kopi dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak namun mengalami kendala pada pemasaran sehingga sebagian pohon ditelah ditebang.  

2.       Kekuatan Internal

Kukuatan Internal dari Masyarakat berdasarkan kunjungan awal ini:

-         Secara kelembagaan adat, masyarakat memiliki ikatan emosional kekeluargaan yang cukup kuat. Didalamnya mereka mengenal, mengakui dan menghormati ketua-ketua adat atau tokoh masyarakat berdasarkan marga dan kampung. Ini merupakan potensi kelembagaan yang cukup efektif dalam mendorong komunikasi dan peran aktif anggota masyarakat dari setiap kelompok dan marga di kampung dalam mendukung program

-         Berdasarkan hasil diskusi didapat informasi bahwa secara teknis mereka (masyarakat) telah memiliki pemahaman dan kemampuan dalam pengelolaan lahan mereka. Kemampuan itu diantaranya untuk berladang, mengenal jenis pohon, menjaga kawasan hutan dan menanam pohon untuk kayu bakar dan kopi. Ini merupakan faktor pendukung kemajuan program di awal.

-         Keinginan dan semangat yang tinggi dari masyarakat untuk mendapatkan manfaat ekonomi yang besar dari sumber daya hutan dan lahan yang mereka kelola. Ditunjutkan dengan semangat diawal merespon program-program penanaman pohon secara antusias.

-         Pak Harold Gobay sebagai tokoh masyarakat memiliki semangat dan inisiatif yang kuat dalam mendukung program dan menjadi jembatan komunikasi antara program dengan Masyarakat di Paniai.

-         Sistem kepemilikan lahan yang secara adat dikenal dan diakui secara baik oleh masyarkat.

-         Sekolah Pertanian yang dikelola oleh Pak Harold menjadi potensi akademis untuk mempersiapkan tenaga-tenaga pendamping lokal dengan pengetahuan dasar pertanian yang baik.

-         Informasi dari Pak harold Bahwa telah ada koperasi “....” yang dibentuk. Harapannya akan menjadi lembaga bisnis awal untuk menampung hasil-hasil masyarakat.

Kekuatan Internal dari PEMDA:

Sekalipun tidak mendapatkan kesempatan untuk pertemuan langsung dengan pihak Pemerintah Daerah namun komunikasi  yang telah terbangun antara Pak John Mampioper dan Pak Kepala BAPPEDA KAB Paniai sebagai catatan awal menunjukan respon dukungan yang cukup baik.

3.       Kekuatan Eksternal

-          Ide reforestasi atau aforestasi merupakan satu kegiatan yang juga menjadi konsen pemerintah propinsi dan Nasional. Sehingga dukungan baik teknis maupun pendanaan kemungkinan besar bisa dididapatkan.

-          Beberapa komoditi lokal yang teridentifikasi seperti kopi memiliki potensi pasar yang cukup potensial diluar Enarotali dengan nilai pasar komoditi yang cukup tinggi dengan rantai perdagangan yang mudah teridentifikasi.

-          Dukungan yang diberikan dari beberapa negara maju untuk aktifitas-aktifitas yang bertemakan isu adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Dimana reforestasi menjadi bagian dari skema global yang bisa mendapatkan dukungan.

-          Ketertarikan dan semangat dari Task Force Pembangunan Rendah Karbon Papua untuk mendorong community based land and forest management dengan gagasan pendanaan people to people.

-          Kecenderungan mendapatkan dukungan teknis dan pendanaan dari sumber lain (NGO) dengan isu yang didorong. Komunikasi menjadi aspek penting untuk memastikan partisipasi ini.

4.       Tantangan Internal

Tantangan Internal dari Sisi masyarakat yang teridentifikasi selama perjalanan:

-          Pengalaman masyarakat dari program-program dengan thema serupa pada beberapa tahun sebelumnya baik yang difasilitasi oleh Pemerintah maupun beberapa NGO yang pernah bekerja di Paniai. Dimana aspek pemasaran dan dukungan sampai pada pencapaian manfaat ekonomi belum tercapai. Contoh: Kopi yang ditanam dengan dukungan WFI sampai sekarang belum mendapatkan pasar yang memuaskan.

-          Keterwakilan semua kelompok dan tokoh masyarakat. Melihat konteks kultur dan ikatan kekeluargaan yang kuat antar masyarakat yang direncancakan menjadi target tuk difasilitasi, komunikasi secara menyeluruh diawal menjadi penting untuk meminimalisir kesalahpahaman.

-          Membangun semangat dan usaha masyarakat untuk berupaya mengakses pasar untuk memasarkan komoditi unggulan mereka dengan nilai jual yang menguntungkan.

-          Menghidupkan badan-badan usaha lokal untuk merangsang semangat dan ketertarikan masyarakat untuk aktif dalam kegiatan ekonomi tertata.

-          Belum banyaknya tenaga-tenaga potensial lokal yang akan siap membantu untuk aspek manajemen bisnis dan kontrol terhadap aktifitas di lapangan - mecatat dan melaporkan.

-          Memastikan pembagiaan manfaat yang adil berdasarkan hak kepemilikan atas ruang dan sumber daya alam diatasnya. Ikatan kultur dan kekeluargaan yang kuat mempengaruhi sistem pengelolaan lahan termasuk klaim atas lahan. Kebutuhan untuk memfasilitasi komunikasi untuk pengaturan dan pengakuan bersama antar masyarakat tentang pemilikan dan pemanfaatan lahan – resolusi kemungkinan kesalahpahaman di kemudian hari dari sekarang.

-          Belum adanya peta wilayah adat, peta kampung dan peta marga yang dapat membantu program

-          Belum terdatanya jumlah pohon kopi yang masih produktif untuk mendukung pemasaran

Tantangan Internal Dari Pihak Pemerintah Daerah

-          Data dan informasi tentang potensi sumber daya alam masyarakat yang dapat mendorong percepatan pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat.

-          Politisasi program ke masyarakat untuk kepentingan tertentu sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpercayaan masyarakat apabila program dikerjakan bersama PEMDA

-          Belum menempatkan pengelolaan sumberdaya lokal untuk pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat sebagai program prioritas. Dimana salah satu contohnya belum aktifnya PEMDA membantu mendorong pemasaran hasil masyarakat dari Kampung ke Pengumpul.

5.       Tantangan Eksternal

-          Mengembangkan dokumen usulan yang bisa meyakinkan donor dari luar untuk memberikan dukungan baik teknis maupun pendanaan kepada program secara keseluruhan

-          Mendorong pemasaran produk kopi secara cepat dengan maksud merangsang semangat masyarakat untuk aktif mendukung program

-          Menjembatani komunikasi aktif para pihak yang diharapkan memeberikan dukungan kepada program.

-          Mempersiapkan bantuan teknis dan transfer informasi dan pengetahuan kepada pengelola lokal untuk secara bertahap mandiri mengelola bisnis komoditi potensial di daerah

Apa yang harus dipersiapkan?

Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan penilaian cepat diatas satu pertanyaan kritis yang keluar adalah apa yang harus dipersiapkan pada phase-phase awal kegiata untuk meminimalisir resiko ketidaklancaran pelaksanaan program kedepan?

Beberapa pemikiran yang muncul untuk menjawab pertanyaan diatas adalah:

1.       Melengkapi Data dan Informasi. Data-data spasial wilayah yang akan di intervensi program, data penduduk, biofisik kawasan serta analisis-analisis dengan kualitas baik tentang kesesuaian lahan. Proses ini bisa dimulai dengan membangun sistem data base tentang site program di sekretariat task force dan memulai mengumpulkan data-data dan informasi yang berhubungan dengan site program di Paniai.

2.       Menyiapkan draft program design document. Berdasarkan data dan informasi awal yang tersedia tim diharapkan sudah bisa memulai membuat desai awal program.

3.       Melaksanakan assesment dan  feasibillity study terpadu untuk memfinalkan draft program design document.

4.       Membangun komunikasi dan partisipasi aktif para pihak terutama di tinggkat masyarakat: Memastikan bahwa masyarakat secara jelas menerima informasi program serta memahami apa yang akan dilakukan di wilayah mereka dan mengambil keputusan tanpa tekanan apakah mendukung program atau tidak. Proses konsultasi dan komunikasi aktif sebaginya sudah dimulai.

5.       Melakukan pendataan jumlah pohon kopi masyarakat dan identifikasi jaringan pasar kopi dan mencari sumber pendanaan awal sebagai rangsangan usaha pembelian dan penjualan kopi masyarakat.

6.       Memantapkan badan usaha lokal milik masyarakat dan membantu menyusun strategyc bussiness plan untuk pemasaran kopi. Berdasarkan data jumlah pohon kopi produktif masyarakat dan informasi pasar yang tersedia.

7.       Mencari sumber dana awal untuk rangsangan pemasaran kopi masyarakat. Membangun komunikasi aktif untuk updating program ke pihak-pihak terkait yang siap mendukung.

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IUCN Ecosystem Alliance, Organized A - Z REDD+ Learning Event

As a need of learning and capacity building of IUCN Ecosystem Alliance partners on recent global forests, climates and people issues 5 days workshop and training be organized by IUCN -Netherland commission in collaboration with NTFP in Manila and Palawan, Philippine started 4 to 11 of November 2012. This was undertaken as a reflection of more advance REDD activity at national, local and negotiation on the international level. REDD is now coming as one global forests development scenario to solve the climate changes problem that effecting the words now days and to reduce the big impact in the future. It is a sets of mechanism that will allow incentive and transfer of resources to safe and sustainable forests management. As add by Jan William Van Baster, the Program Manager of IUCN EA Program that "recently several numbers of standard and instrument for carbon program has been developed by number of parties based on their interest. But there’s remain gaps especially in the development country that has large forest cover. So having a complete understanding about REDD is crucial to make us ready from now to support the next REDD related activities on the ground". 

In the introduction Jan again pointed out that "Some says that REDD is complex and complicated but it’s depend from which site we were looking to it. Basically we realize that REDD is a global strategy to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation. In this term REDD can be interpreted as an opportunity, challenge or an idea to generate resources of solution. From this differs point of view we can also identify where our role to tackling deforestation. In the scope of REDD as an opportunity and an idea to generate resources of solution REDD is complicated with money, information, instrument/methods and actors that working at the global, national until sub national level." 

The A - Z learning event is focusing on two areas: 1) approaches for smaller NGOs and communities to jointly set up REDD+ projects that can also be designed without the generation of verified carbon credits. 2) influencing national and international REDD+ policymaking, in particular the development of national REDD+ strategies, to promote and defend the interests of Indigenous Communities and local communiites. The workshop will also give an update on the basics of REDD+ and where we currently stand with the concept. Jan's then added that  this is the 1st EA REDD+ Learning event starting in SouthEast Asia Partner: Philippine, Vietnam and Indonesia. But as a network, EA IUCN - NL has also facilitate invited partners from Ghana, Ecuador and India. Making the learning complete, an experts about Carbon from World Land Trust and keys study in Palawan is also invited and preparing to makes this learning are complete. 

The meeting was held fluently in active interaction and discussion among participant and resources person. Beginning with a short presentation, study cases and been deeply leaned with long discussion. This workshop and training was held in Manila and Palawan. Participant was divided into 3 teams to working together in analysis the issues related to REDD – this team will provide a summary of the previous day lessons. Participants are also got the chance to visit REDD demonstration activity that facilitated by NTFP and had a chance to have and active communication directly with the community in Palawan. 

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Scaling-up Ecoforestry to Support Climate Change Mitigation in Papua

A summary of the 2012 - 2014 working concepts

Community based forest management has the potential to contribute to food and livelihoods security, and to contribute to the sustainable management of forest resources. Where it is able to provide an alternative to forest clearance, it is also a tool for climate change mitigation. Forest management which emphasizes sustainability of the forest ecosystem, maintenance of ecosystem services, and maximizing benefits for local community livelihoods is often referred to as eco-forestry. The concept of eco-forestry has yet to become well-established in Indonesia, where efforts to date have focused more narrowly on securing community rights over forest resources, but the elements of the eco-forestry approach are strongly aligned with the aspirations of many communities and civil society organizations working in this area. The experience of the Papua New Guinea Eco-forestry Forum[1], and the lessons and manuals produced by Greenpeace on the basis of their experience in PNG and the Solomon Islands, are highly relevant to Papua as they refer to similar ecological and cultural settings.

Eventhough most of eco-forestry efforts in Indonesia was focused on timber extraction but with a wide forests products it must not been emphasized only on timber. Non timber forest products such as nutmegs, sago, eager woods and others are the products that be proposed to developed by the community as part of increase they security in economic position. Learning from current experiences which we can’t generalize that timber was the most potential one of cash sources. Clarity of land right and legal permition that community must be realized to make sure that that community would derive benefits from their resources.

Experience in PNG, from Greenpeace, and increasingly from elsewhere in Indonesia, demonstrates that there are three critical enabling conditions which must be in place for a community to sustainably and effectively manage a forest area:

1. agreement on rights over forest resources and the sharing of benefits from an ecoforestry initiative both within the community concerned, and with neighboring communities
2. appropriate rights and licenses issued by the relevant authorities
3. a village forest management institution with the technical capacity to plan and implement forest management, and the capacity to manage the business, including marketing and financial aspects.

The current (2012) situation with each of these enabling conditions in Papua is reviewed briefly below:

1. Community agreement

Definition of customary rights over land has been the focus of participatory mapping initiatives which have progressed in several parts of Indonesia, including Papua, in the last decade. An effective mapping process clarifies the external boundaries of land ownership (shared with neighboring groups), and the internal boundaries (between families and clans). Whilst not specifically developed to support ecoforestry, the mapping has been key to defining the limits of rights and thus to making formal applications for licenses. The establishment of the Customary Lands Register (nationally), the issuing of a Papuan Regulation of Indigenous Lands, and the inclusion of mapping in the draft Papua Spatial Plan mean that the path for securing formal recognition of mapped territories is increasingly clear.  Some mapping approaches (notably by WWF in Merauke and CI in Mamberamo) have avoided mapping boundaries of land rights, and have concentrated on mapping locations with economic and cultural importance for communities. Whilst these maps provide an indication of land use, they are not adequate for planning forest management. The area of land mapped to date is a fraction of the total area occupied by indigenous peoples, especially in Papua. Experience of community mapping in Papua is now adequate to plan how such interventions can be scaled-up and accelerated, and the establishment of a mapping learning organization in Jayapura in 2011 is intended to facilitate this process.

2. Rights and licenses

Prior to 2008, initiatives in Papua and cross-visits to PNG failed to kick-start an ecoforestry movement, primarily because civil society groups and government were struggling with the question of how legal control of forests and the right to extract timber and non timber forest products could be secured within the framework of Indonesian forestry and evironmental laws. Finally, in 2008, Papua province used its special autonomy status within Indonesia to issue its own law on sustainable forest management[1]. Implementing regulations for this law were finally issued in 2010, defining a clear, though tortuous, administrative process through which a community could secure rights over forest and timber. Ironically, by the time Papua province issued its regulations, national policies for village forests had also advanced to the stage of implementing regulations[2], and by the end of 2011 over 30 such licenses had been issued to communities in Sumatra and Kalimantan, whilst Papua lagged behind in implementation.

3. Institutional Capacity

Low standards of formal education, and lack of experience in engaging on an equal footing with external stakeholders, remains a challenge to community development initiatives including ecoforestry. In logging concession areas Papuan villagers have usually been employed as front-line workers, and have learned the skills of tree-felling and extraction, but not planning and management of forests. Business skills are typically poorly developed, with little experience of planning and managing finances and business process, and most cash income generated from direct sales of unprocessed forest and farm products, or hand-outs from government and company development schemes.

Four or five initiatives which could be described as ecoforestry are underway in Papua: PPMA has continued to facilitate work in Nimbonton and Imeno, Jayapura Kabupaten, which are two of the three villages originally facilitated by WWF. WWF continues to work in the third village, Guriad, and in Kaliki village in Merauke Kabupaten. In the Baliem valley, local civil society groups and Samdhana Institute are working with the local Government and Lorentz National Park agency on integrating community forest management into the management of the Park. In West Papua Province, local NGOs and stakeholders are working with Samdhana Institute in Esania village, Kaimana Kabupaten. The present situation of another eco-forestry initiative, developed by national NGO Telapak in Knasaimos, Sorong Selatan Kabupaten, is followed up by Green Peace - Papua.

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[1]    Papua Special Autonomy Regulation 21/2008 on Sustainable Forest Management in Papua Province

[2]    Forest Minister's decision on Village Forests 49/2008

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[1]    See:  http://www.ecoforestry.org.pg/home?subSiteId=1

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Joined IUCN WCC in South Korea, Yunus Shared The Lesson Learn From Pro Poor REDD Project In Papua

Jeju September 7th. IUCN Forests and People Program organized the lesson Learn Session about Right For REDD+ of REDD+ before Right? The reflection was presented the cases from what IUCN with DANIDA Supports has done in 5 Countries Include: Indonesia, Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda and Guatemala see: http://www.slideserve.com/candra/rights-for-redd-or-redd-for-rights. I was be on the Panelist to present the reflection we had in Indonesia - Papua. Taking the cases of Mapping For Right and Sustainable Natural Resources Management the 3 topic was elaborated based on Samdhana experienced and knowledge, they include: (1) customary boundary mapping as a tools to clarify the ownership of the land and resources, (2) piloting community based forests management after mapping to derive high benefit to Indigenous People, and (3) the emerging challenges to promote the land right ownership clarification and its legal recognition. The story was packaging from the 4 years intervention of Samdhana in Balliem Valley - Wamena and Kaimana in the Bombaray Peninsula of Papua Indonesia.

Provided the importance of Papua in global forests discussion because it 42 million ha of tropical forests, I was also showed the audience about the challenges in make sure that REDD+ in a perspective of economic benefits will not implicating negatively to the local communities and Indigenous People in Indonesia - Papua. Because there are more than 250 Indigenous Tribes that generation to generation has lived, claim their rights over land and resources and applying sustainable management approaches to the resources they are depending on. Stepping from this facts, Samdhana believe that to makes REDD+ are properly working and benefiting to People, clarification and legal recognition of customary rights in Papua is essential. So customary boundary mappings was introducing and applying to help the communities and local actor to addressing this needs.  As follow I shared the keys ideas of how mapping should works in Papua, starting from social mapping process of which consensus among community are achieved through in depth customary discussion an agreement. The technical process of bringing GPS mapping/navigation to maps the agreed territories are applied after social process. At the end the maps should gets final recognition by the government or local authority in the region.

Reflect to the global question of "Will REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including conservation, sustainable management and enhancement of forest carbon
stocks) result in the strengthening of the rights of indigenous peoples and forest
dependent communities? or Else its comes and puts community as a victim of concession holder?" the Project in Papua has tried to piloting Community Based Forests Management after Mapping is done. Village Forests Initiative that refer to the Ministry of Forestry Regulation No 49 of 2008 is the example in presented. Cases from Esania - Kaimana, West Papua are describing to helps the audiences getting an updates of this ideas.

In a closing part, I highlighted several major challenges we facing to push any REDD+ and Right related works in Papua. They Includes: (a) How to engage the government institution fully in mapping? (b) How to encourage government to adopt the map into development plan? (c) How to develop customary boundary information system so its transparent and how to integrate it to official land use and forestry maps? and (d)  How to strengthen the current institution and develop the system of dynamic dispute resolution mechanism to customary land right problems? All these sets of challenges are the next home works to be addressing. 

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Wonderful of West Yapen Island, 'Suanggi', Bobo, Sago and Wooden Water House

For many Papuan, when the name of Ansus be mentioned people are then thinking of the famous human ghost "Suanggi" or some saying "Suanter" or flying ghosts. Yaa... Because Ansus was claim as the school of people who want to take the supra natural/magic strength that mostly to kill people. I felt this experienced when I did mapping exercise here in 2012. But for other reason most of the villages in Western Yapen Island includes Ansus, Papuma, Kairawing, Sasawa, Munggui and Toweta are one of the bests tourism sites to visits in Papua. It because the combination of cultures, housing, foods and nature are attracting and will makes your memories are well saved the experiences you have.

It was June 2012 that become my 2nd trip with Bang Martin Hardiono for initial mapping discussion we spent almost 7 days stayed in Papuma and Ansus. It takes about 3 hours with the long motor boat to get this place. And if you are someone comming from West Indonesia, the best ways to reach this place is by plane from Biak and then take small rural airplane to get the City of Yapan.  Join in the big meeting of about 32 clans the visits was aiming to helps community in West-North of Yapen Island to have a customary boundary maps. Combination of social discussion, ground checks and desk maps analysis were conducted with full supports of the customary groups in Ansus and Papua. Clans like Kayoi, Arronggear, Woniana, Atururi, May and Raweyai were part of the groups those rights and history were conveyed and recorded. During the visits beside focused on the keys responsibilities on Mapping, we were also enjoying the wonderful of the West Yapen island beauty of nature, foods and local drinks. Fresh fish delicious sago with alcoholic drink or people in Ansus called it with Bobo are parts of the stories been taken away from this trip.

Wooden Water House 

Wooden Houses In Ansus Village of West Yapen 

The picture above is how the houses in West Yapen is looks likes. People are mostly prefer to build their house in the waters, I don't get the reason maybe because they try to protect them self from 'Suanggi' - some people says 'Suanggi" are afraid of sea water. :-). Some reason also said that because this helps them to parking their canoes. All building material they use is easily to collect from the bush around the village such as woods, bamboo, nipah, sago leaf and rattan. The long wooden pier are made to connects all the houses the big poles are punch in the mud to help the pier construction. The size is average with wide 8 x 9 meters with mostly two bedrooms and one kitchen inside. Some people also constructing big houses with more that 2 bedrooms.

Wooden Villages With Long Pier to Connect The Houses in Papuma Village

As a new person that new in the piers like this, I was walked carefully because was worried with the strength of the woods they use to construct the pier. It is mostly the hard wood such as Merbau (Intsia, sp), Matoa (Pometia Sp) and Langgua (Dipterocapacea). But i saw kids and young people are walking and run with out worrying for felling down to the waters that surrounding the houses. I was also amazed that this one meter wide of piers are the ways babies learned for walk. In the night sometme the people whose has got hardly drunk are walking without afraid I think its because they usually doing this for years so have knowing how to do well steps even though you're hardly drunks.

Despite of the condition that for some people like me are dangerous the house location in the bays are a good location to get the fresh air and smooth winds blowing though out the seas and forests. In the day and night the cold air could influence you eye to closes for a while and laying down in short sleep --- Fantastic--. In the afternoon the piers become the beautiful spot to enjoy people paddling their canoes to reach the house from they garden, sago plots or from fishing.

Small Wooden Canoes 

Since the community are living in the floating houses in the bay, canoe is the transportation vehicles that almost all household has. The canoe I meant is the small woods canoe with length not more than 4 meter and wides 30 - 40 cm. It is moving with small paddle being moved by the drivers. Its always a peace lovely afternoon or early morning if we want to enjoy the beauty of people paddling their canoes arrive and leaving the villages. It can occupied 4 - 5 peoples average. Community are often using this canoe to takes fish, crop vegetable, crop fruits and sago from their plots that become the domestic needs of the community.

Foods and Beverages 

Fish is always become my favorite foods but not all fish I like. One of the best and delicious fish I ever tastes is 'Samandar Papan Ansus". Unfortunately I forgot to capture the fish I meant. But its one of the coral with with sweat tastes. The best ways to serve it by fried or roasting. In Ansus we can easely find this fish in the local market with price between 10,000 - 20,000 rupiah for 5 - 8 piece. Another best cuisine i loved here is Papeda dan charcoal sago that always be served with yellow fish soup and water spinach. The fish prices and vegetables and affordable prices puts me on the part of keeps buying the fish and sago from the local market in Ansus Village.

Sago is the traditional foods that all people in the low land of new guide are harvesting and cultivating for foods. It is "PAPEDA" the name of the sago powders cooked with hot waters and serve in the big plates for the groups of people to enjoy it. Papeda has become and icon of tradition and identity of cultures and has become one of the most consuming foods together with rices and yams/cassava. Sago is growing widely in the swamp of the village in this west Yapen and has dividing based on its owners. Beside Papeda, sago powders can also be processed become "cake/cookies" and charcoal sago mix with coconut that all are serve with frees salt water fish with delicious tastes. Even though most of the community have their sago plots but there are also people selling sago and the one has processed in the Ansus Market where we can easily found in low prices.

As a beverage "Bobo' a local alcohol drink processed from nypah trunks are mostly close the nigh of social event with the people - particularly man. A 'Bobo' can be easily found in the villages when people using traditional method to processed it become alcoholic drink. For some point I realized Bobo was the enter doors to talk with elders about the land rights and communal land conflict issue and I did that in Papuma Village to explore more info about Aronggear and Koromat clans history. Bobo is selling closely because it is banned by the Government and sometime police do sweeping for the villages security reason. Most people believe that 'Bobo' is a words water that can stimulate people to be braves and talks much about any issues even though his/her personality is a silent man. It is recommended to enjoy Bobo at night before you sleep. For me its like beer in modern economic society where people takes while creating a good conversation about something. But for you people in Bali or Jakarta, don't expect to find a Bar or cafe with Bobo because there is no cafe/bar here. If you want to enjoy Bobo you have to come or visit the community houses and sitting with them in the quest room of some place they usually setting for relax and enjoy Bobo.

Beside Sago, Fish and Bobo, West Yapen is also a home of different kinds of fruits. Let says Durian, Cempedak (wild jack fruit) and Langsat. But most of it are seasonal. When the time comes people are mostly not able to finishing big amount of fruits they have and Biak is usually become the choice for people to selling this products. To close this session one thing that you should taste is 'Pinang" or bitter nuts fruits that people always loved to chewing it. Red juice coming out from the mouth like vampire drink your bloods are the pictures of people chewing bitter nut. hehehe. Me personally don't like bitter nut but always love to see how majority Papuan are addicted with this "snack". Ansus and surrounding village are also the home for bitter nuts where people cultivating it or collecting from the wild. Beside foods, coffee and cigarettes, bitter nuts is always served to welcome quests or have a meeting of people - we do experienced this in our meeting. To enjoy bitter nut you needs to have sirih and kapur (powder made from burned shell)  as its complement because you cannot produce the red juice with out Sirih and Kapur.

Bitter nut fruits from Toweta Village in West Yapen

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Locally Control Forests - A Strategic Intervention to Protect Forest Carbon in West Papua

West Papua Province of Indonesia highlighted that developing community based forests management (CBFM) initiative as one of the efforts to implement low emission forests development action plan. Learning from the cases were massive deforestation are happen in the big logging concession, the CBFM initiative were emerge as an option to mainstreaming good forests management that align with local economic development. The scheme has also be considered could bridge the concern on integrating customary rights within locally forests development. 

Esania village in Kaimana District could potentially be the example for West Papua to sharpening their action. The contradiction between de facto claim of customary right and de jure state forests governance has put local indigenous communities in a position where they find it difficult to benefit from government policy to manage their forests resources. There are 9 customary communities claiming over 26,205 ha of forests. Of these, 24,664 ha are production forests (94%) in the permanent, limited and conversion forests categories. About 60% of the area is secondary (logged over) forest. Timber is one of the most influence forest product to the incomes of community. Even-though they logged on their own customary right land but legally they been claiming as the illegal logging because no licenses in hand. From the land uses investment maps, the village are suitable for oil palm and rubber plantation. Government has also puts on their plan to expanding such farming products but some of the community are refused and stand in the position to manage their resources.

Geographically the village are part of the district that  recently established in 2002 with total areas about 18.500 Km2 and 49,000 population – 76% of which are poor people. It lays on the southeast peninsula of Papua Island. In terms of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation the site are plays an important role. Kaimana District holds about 17% of the province’s forests or about 1.8 million ha – the second largest area with forests in the Province - and is 99% forested. Of this area about 1,055,737 Ha (57.07%) are production forests in which licenses can be granted for forestry- related investment. There are 5 local tribes that living in the region and have strong claim of customary rights over the land, forests and resources - this is acknowledged by the the government as the special issues and factor that influencing the pathway of forests development program in the region. So having a good best practices on how community could manages their resources legally and sustainable within their rights are the home works that the government has. 

Position of the locally control forests activities through village forests in Esania is crucial both for the district and the provinces to showing the how low carbon development would works at the community level with clear tenure rights and secure legal licenses from the Government. The recent study conducted by Samdhana institute and Papua State University shows that the Esania forests contain 7 million tonnes of carbon within there major types of forests: dry land primary forests, dry land secondary forests and swamp forests. The matrix bellow in summary provides us the complete analysis of above biomass calculation of carbon storing in Esania forests. 

No	Official Forest Function Category	Areas (ha)	Average CO2e tonnes/Ha	C-Stock In Esania (million tonnes CO2e)	%
1	Permanent Production	16,657.70	230	3.8	54
2	Limited Production	3,300.10	230	0.8	11
3	Conversion Production	4,706.40	230	1.1	15
4	Protection (mangrove)	1,381.00	1,028	1.4	20
5	Water body	160.10		0	0
	Total	26,205.80		7.1	100

This figures points out the importance of village forests and any locally control forests initiative in protection of carbon stock. Changing the forests covers in Esania from forests into non forests would have a directs implication to the increasing of carbon emission in the region.

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